To what extent do the provisions of the civil and criminal law ensure Essay

To what extent do the provisions of the civil and criminal law ensure that corporate bodies are held responsible for their harmful acts and omissions - Essay Example In doing so, the paper evaluates the degree to which the provisions of the civil and criminal law in the UK guarantee that corporate bodies can be held responsible for their harmful acts and omissions. Assigning responsibility for harm comes out as an important problem in both morality and law. The assertion that one is responsible for harm means that the individual can be blamed, punished, or required to pay compensation. In moral contexts (but not in all legal ones), an individual is responsible for a harm provided that the harm has a causal consequence of something that the individual has or omitted to do (Ashworth 2009, p.5). Legal exceptions to this general rule encompass corporations held liable for the harms inflicted by the companies’ employees or board of directors. Thus, companies, just like individuals, can be held responsible not only for the harmful consequence of their actions, but also for the harmful outcomes of their omissions (Fisse and Braithwaite 1993, p.2). Assigning professional responsibility for harm in instances of negligence frequently hinges on what is reasonable to expect from the members of any given profession. The liability of a company derives from the principle that comprehensive imposition of the criminal law against corporate offenders, where appropriate, delivers a deterrent effect, safeguards the public, and entrenches and reinforces ethical business practices. The prosecution of a company should not be identified as a replacement for the prosecution of criminally liable individuals such as officers, directors, employees, or shareholders (Wells 2001, p.160). The prosecution of such individuals avails a powerful deterrent against future corporate wrongdoing. Similarly, the consideration of prosecution of individuals should also feature deliberation of probable liability of the company where the

Consumer behaviors in purchasing ethical products Dissertation

Consumer behaviors in purchasing ethical products - Dissertation Example This research will begin with the statement that the current generation of consumers in the United States and in the United Kingdom has come to have plenty of expectations concerning the products that they purchase and it has taken quite an effort by the various companies involved to ensure that these consumers are satisfied. Sales for organic and ethical products in the United States and the United Kingdom are rising, more so than sales for conventional products, and consumer demand for these products is increasing despite the global economic downturn. These consumer behaviours that have developed over the years have made the study of their characteristics and origins most useful. It has become the trend in these two countries for consumers to buy products that are perceived to fulfil environmentally friendly, natural, organic, local, or humane requirements and enhance the corporate responsibility profile of the companies that are involved in the supply of such products. In the Unit ed Kingdom, most of the ethical products that have come to be sought out by most of the population are in the food industry and according to the grocer, Asda, stated that almost half of the mothers in the United Kingdom spent more on organic food than any other and this was despite the strained financial situations in many households. While some of the major retailers in the United States, such as Wal-Mart and Safeway are increasing their aids of organic products, in the United Kingdom, on the other hand, the retailers seem to be reducing their offerings of similar products. Â  Despite this being the case, among the offerings that are directing the way in retail stores are augmented sales of organic breads and grain foodstuffs and "ethical" beverages. Among the banks of the United Kingdom which adhere to a strict ethical policy, is the Co-operative Bank whose main policy has always been that no deal goes to corporations tangled in the arms trade, animal testing, among many other un ethical activities. In this bank, the clients elect every year to determine how their money is used, and because of this, new anxieties are frequently involved, such as genetic modification or climate change. One of the most remarkable achievements of this bank is that it has rejected over nine hundred million pounds value of loan bids since it agreed its ethical policy and current practices in 1992. Because this bank does not invest its customer’s money in the stock exchange, it has been found to be more stable than other banks, and this has contributed immensely to its continued growth during the credit crisis. Because of the growth in the awareness concerning social responsibilities, ING’s clients have continuously agitated for the offering of ‘ethical’ products and services so that they can be sure they are making a contribution to a more sustainable society. In order to satisfy these demands, ING has continuously moved with the times and has started o ffering products and services such as a ‘green’ savings account, a ‘green’ loan or insurance policy, or ‘sustainable’ investment funds and as a result, this company has set for itself the target of introducing a range of new ethical products and services every year. Research Objectives The objective of this line of investigation is to scrutinize the diverse issues concerning ethical consumer behavior in the United States and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, there is the need to determine whether or not ethical consumerism is a trend which is here to stay despite the economic recession in these two countries. In order to help in the realization of the objective of the study, it is necessary to pose the following questions: 1) What information is used by consumers to make choices on buying ethical products? 2) What is the influence of market communication of ethical products purchases in UK and USA? 3) What is the influence of Price Purchasing of Ethical products in USA and UK? 4) What are the in-store advantages of Ethical products in USA and UK? Preliminary Literature Review When people make decisions regarding

Identity Development in Adolescents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Identity Development in Adolescents - Essay Example Inside our society, particularly with the teens, encloses a positive as well as negative authority from the groups that they belong. There are numerous difficulties that the young people have to confront. Some of the frequent problems are taking of prohibited drugs, disorder for eating, and argument with parents. As the globe starts to mature and a hurried incite of adolescents, the pace of hostility has increased massively. With the aid of the mass media, communal environments, famous personalities, as well as parental management, a more advanced approach to aggression has introduced most of our adolescence. With the support of non-profit groups, entertainment centers, together with camps, encouraging aspects can divert young minds out of the brutal mist. Teenagers nowadays get manipulated by ads inside magazines, ads on what they view on television, people's demands on them, and from their daily life. Drugs and Alcohol does not help anything in the world. When teens are having problems, some of them do drugs or even drink alcohol to get rid of their problems, but that won't do any good it just causes more problems. Utilization of prohibited drugs has become the principal concern within teenagers who goes to school or even to colleges. Initially, I believe that the teenagers begin to take-in prohibited drugs due to the fact that they do not have belief in themselves. They may not be able to stand up for their viewpoint and have an immense manipulation from their friends. Next, teenagers go to parties very often to enjoy, every now and then under parental control and at times without the parents. During the time that they are not with their parents, they may do whatever thing they desire. On the other hand, it is possible for teenagers to show self-control and overcome the temptation of drugs. A number of people, including many adults, describe marijuana as harmless or even relaxing. While peer pressure plays a part in children taking a puff of that first cigarette, curiosity can also influence that decision. Unfortunately for him the effects of the alcohol have taken over. The number of underage drinkers is rising day by day. Normally this teenager would stop and think about the consequences or the harm it could do to his body. I suppose that when people are drinking together with smoking pot, they're more inclined to be sexually active, even if they don't go all the way. But your standards do tend to drop when you're drinking. Big problems can take place to each and every youngster that continues to smoke and doesn't try to stop. Nicotine is a major ingredient of tobacco smoke, and is highly addictive. When teenagers stop, they feel better about themselves. There are just too much things in the world that teens can get their hands on. There are many problems in teenagers. After the party, they might think they are not under the influence of alcohol and then drive. That may cause car accidents and they may have a hard time with their studies at school and at college. They just want to have a taste of everything and like to have something in their mouth. Taking drugs, eating disorders, and problems with parents are just few problems from a bundle. They may not have all the

Cultural Sensitivity in China Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural Sensitivity in China - Assignment Example The language should be easy to comprehend, easy to relate to their culture and should be attractive to woo clients from diverse social settings. This issue will specifically enable the company to know how to advertise and promote their new set of engines. When doing an advertisement, it is necessary to understand their culture and languages to avoid misconception of the original idea intended or annoy the audience instead. For example, it is not allowed to discuss business at meals, they prefer conservative dress codes either male or female as revealing clothes are considered offensive. Their behavior dictates that one should not use hand movements while communicating and avoid pointing while speaking. Understanding these basic norms will help company A to establish when, how, where and what to advertise. According to Confucius, music is highly regarded and appreciated by the Chinese people hence incorporating music in advertisements will capture the attention of the people. The othe r cross-cultural issue is one of an image as presented by the market as perceived by the company and the globe at large. Their historical background of the automobile industry and their current major strategies are the major concern regarding the noted issue. The Chinese automobile industry has come a long way since 1931 during the Republican era till date whereby it is currently rated the largest automobile manufacturer with BYD, Geely and Chery, three major Chinese brands being among car brands ranked top ten in 2009. This shows the potentiality of company A to succeed in the Chinese market since there is a large market for extra heat hardened engines and specialized machined engine components for Chinese automobile manufacturers. This comprehensive understanding of the Chinese history of automobiles and its current state will contribute to the larger automobile image of China as perceived by foreigners and this will assist company A to design appropriate adverts and formulate a p roper marketing plan to propagate the media campaign. The traditions, beliefs, and religion of China will influence company A’s branding and packaging of the engines. For instance, the dragon is a major symbolic aspect central to Chinese culture. Knowing this, company A could easily attract notable client attention by including the word dragon or its actual image on the engines’ models. In this case, cultural beliefs or traditions will act as the main basis of company A’s strategic approach. For instance, the majority of Chinese are Buddhists; they worship in shrines located mostly in mountainous terrains. It is their culture to walk through long distances to places of worship. Company A can take advantage of this long distance and mountainous terrains to promote its strong engines as better options for transport.  

M.A. in Humanities in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M.A. in Humanities in the 21st Century - Essay Example 1984:10). Humanities subjects inundate students with "a deluge of readings and ivory tower philosophizing" (Shulman, 2006) and have been traditionally used to transmit the values cherished by generations (McGrory, 2007). Located at the core of the university, Humanities have long been deeply embedded with concerns about life, wisdom, survival, transformation, and interaction (Brown, Boyer, de Bary & Fajans, 2006). The overall benefit to society is that they have the responsibility of keeping the other disciplines honest, and this function of being a watchdog needs to be preserved (Chipman, 1995). Humanities provides general literacy that includes language skills such as grammar, spelling and the proper use of words; information gathering such as how to take notes and summarize material; thinking skills such as how to criticize an argument and how to develop arguments; and writing skills such as how to present arguments with clarity and intelligence (Hart,1990). These are the basic skills that prepare workers to meet the world of work (Drewes, 2002). A degree in Humanities is not a business degree, not a science degree nor a technical certificate. Yet, the coursework done and the skills developed can be applied to virtually any profession.

Doing Business in New Zealand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Doing Business in New Zealand - Essay Example   However, political stability in New Zealand is comparatively satisfactory for which it has ranked fifth in the world. The country relies on foreign investment inflows and recently the government has reviewed its tax policies and tariff to enhance a favorable environment for international trade. Therefore, despite certain legal constraints, New Zealand offers comparatively favorable environment to new business entrepreneurs. New Zealand’s close traditional relationship with Australia has enabled free movement of both goods and labor. The condition is attributed to the political stability and the traditionally competitive economy.Legal Implications: The regulations associated with food industry include business income tax laws, food hygiene Regulations, and food packaging regulations. 1. Low tariff has become the major facet of business in New Zealand which commenced since 1980 with the unilateral tariff cuts. Since October 2008 a new tariff schedule was introduced which rep laced the tariff on industrial products with three ad valorem rates. In the same way, since the introduction of the Closer Economic Relations Agreement of 1983, the government ceased all duties on goods between New Zealand and Australia. 2. Companies in New Zealand pay income tax on their net profit (at 30%) of each financial year which usually runs from 1st April to 31st March. At the end of the financial year, the company can file a tax return according to which the payment accuracy is calculated.  

Concept of Human Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Concept of Human Nature - Essay Example It is the confirmation of friendship or competition that we will concern with. In the bygone eras, there were wars and rumors of war. There were those who went to fight battles and returned as heroes. Then there were those who fought battles but did not return. There were also those who masterminded plans of action for the furtherance of kingdom. And there were others who masterminded treacheries. Scores were settled in the process of wars and battles. The charade was so well knit and appeared so real that none noticed the element of treachery in the episode. Sometimes the plans boomeranged on those who engineered the plots. The plots were so brilliantly drawn and executed that it was not till the final act was over one could perceive anything amiss. However, in the end, some way or the other, the executor of the treachery was exposed and divine justice settled the scores with just retribution (Song of Roland). Not all the scenarios ended in bloodbath. There were those who spent time in soliloquy and reflection. They were men and women of foibles and passions like the rest of mankind. They laughed and cried in their childhood. They embraced in lust in their adolescence and they went in the worldly way of business. But they remembered their ways. They felt something amiss. They knew that they had crossed the boundaries of decency at such a time and place. The peace had departed from them and they were like caged animals. They lived in the open air, but they felt the iron bars around them. They constantly felt the pricks of their emotions like swords after their souls. Then they had to break down. They had to open up (The Confessions of J.J. Rousseau). Destiny with God After all the things are said and done, the end comes with a mixture of sadness and happiness. The secret thoughts are hardly spoken. The matters of the heart are kept very closely guarded secrets. The keepers of secret do so for a reason. They dread to speak about their longings and desires. They hide them away like treasures. They wait for the end. They know the opportune time will come. The fear is there that the end might not come according to their plans. There is the lingering fear that the object of their desires might go the opposite way. They pursue the goal of their desires with all diligence. Sometimes they come so close that they could grasp it with their arms. But they must wait. The right time has not arrived. They must pine away some more time. Ultimately they reach their goal. The time is now ripe. They could count the cost. They could look back and see the long and arduous journey. Many died on the way. There is the tinge of sadness around the joy of triumph. They have won the war, but at the cost of some battles. One cannot undo the trysts of destiny. One has to march on. There are some miles yet to go. One cannot march on without having learnt to bear the gains and losses of a journey. It is enough that you have come so far. We must learn to wait to see what is yet to come (Racine). Conclusion There are those that scheme and plot to have circumstances go their way. They succeed many times. Then there are those who make sincere plans and goals and work at achieving them. They may or may not succeed. It is fine if they